Interview with Tracy Drain: Operating and Saving Spacecraft at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory

In this World of Aerospace interview, Vince Sanouvong speaks with Tracy Drain, a Systems Engineer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), about what it really takes to operate and protect spacecraft millions of miles from Earth.

Tracy began by describing her path into aerospace. She studied mechanical engineering at the University of Kentucky before earning her master’s degree at Georgia Tech, where she focused on controls and vibrations. While she did not initially plan to work in systems engineering, she found the field to be a perfect fit, combining technical problem solving with collaboration across many disciplines. Shortly after graduate school, she joined JPL, where she learned how systems engineering connects every part of a spacecraft into a single functioning mission.

A major theme of the conversation was how systems engineering changes once a spacecraft launches. Before launch, engineers can physically inspect hardware and test components directly. After launch, however, the spacecraft becomes entirely remote. Tracy described spacecraft operations as a “mystery hunt,” where engineers must diagnose issues using only telemetry data sent back to Earth. This data includes temperatures, voltages, currents, and the operational status of spacecraft components. Engineers analyze subtle changes in this data to understand what the spacecraft is experiencing and how to respond.

Tracy explained that when an anomaly appears in telemetry, the first step is identifying where the data is coming from and what system may be affected. Engineers then bring together specialists from different areas to assess risks to the spacecraft’s health. Problems that could worsen quickly are addressed immediately, while stable issues allow teams more time to evaluate options and develop solutions.

For deep space missions such as those operating at Mars or beyond, fault protection systems are essential. Tracy described how communication delays make it impossible for engineers on Earth to respond instantly. Instead, spacecraft are designed to detect threats on their own and take protective action. This can include switching to backup systems, adjusting orientation to manage thermal conditions, or pointing antennas toward Earth to request help while maintaining power and safety.

Beyond technical systems, Tracy emphasized the human traits required for mission success. Curiosity allows engineers to notice small details that may signal larger problems. Calmness helps teams avoid panic during high pressure situations. Clear communication ensures that everyone involved understands the issue and works toward the same goal. Together, these qualities help mission teams protect spacecraft and keep operations running smoothly.

Tracy also shared advice for students interested in aerospace engineering and space systems. She highlighted the importance of hands-on experience through projects such as robotics competitions, design teams, or research opportunities. Troubleshooting real systems builds confidence and problem-solving skills that are critical in mission operations. She also encouraged students to speak with professors, ask questions, and seek out conversations with professionals in the field.

The interview offered a rare look into the behind-the-scenes work that keeps space missions alive long after launch. Tracy’s experiences show that successful space exploration depends not only on advanced technology, but also on disciplined thinking, teamwork, and a constant willingness to learn.